Receptors

P2 receptors mediate the actions of the extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP) and regulate several physiologic responses, among them, cardiac function, platelet aggregation, and SMC proliferation¹. The metabotropic P2Y receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) super family.  There are currently six functional mammalian P2Y receptors: P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11 and P2Y12 which differ in their selectivity for adenine and uracil nucleotides: ATP (P2Y11 receptor), ADP (P2Y1, P2Y12 receptors), UTP (P2Y4 receptor). The response of P2Y4 to ATP is species-dependent.  UDP activates the P2Y6 receptor. The P2Y2 receptor is equipotently activated by ATP and UTP. Most P2Y receptors (with the exception of P2Y11 and P2Y12) are coupled to the activation of phospholipase C (PLC), leading to the formation of

Following hypoxia or inflammation, extracellular nucleotide release can activate two families of receptors, the ionotropic P2X receptors with seven subtypes …

Kinins form a family of small peptides which are endogenously synthesized in response to pathologic processes such as pathogen infection, …

In 1988, a 21-amino acid endothelium-derived bioactive peptide was cloned and named endothelin (ET)1. Later, two other isoforms differing from …

ATP is released into the extracellular milieu upon cell and tissue damage, secretory exocytosis or activation of plasma membrane transporters.

Many types of excitatory or non-excitatory cells maintain specific receptors to ATP or other nucleotides on their surface. Nucleotide receptors, also named P2, in contrast to P1 adenosine receptors, comprise two different families: ionotropic P2X receptors and metabotropic P2Y receptors.

GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) is the essential inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. It interacts with three kinds of receptors: Class …