Extracellular antibodies are ideal research tools for cell-surface proteins.

No permeabilization/fixation because using extracellular antibodies allows you to work with live cells!

Benefits of live cell imaging:
✓ Monitor cell movement
✓ Study protein transport across the cell
✓ Investigate protein internalization

Voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ channels (Ca_V) form an important route for Ca²⁺ entry into cells, upon deviations from the cells’ resting membrane potential. There are ten Ca_V α1 subunit genes, divided into three subfamilies on both a functional and sequence homology basis. The Ca_V1 subfamily includes four genes which encode the L-type channels, the Ca_V3 subfamily includes three genes encoding the T-type channels and the Ca_V2 subfamily consists of three isoforms encoding P/Q- , N- and R-type channels, with all three contributing to neurotransmitter release in neurons.