Overview
- Peptide (C)SQKDENSTKT(S)GE, corresponding to amino acid residues 143-156 of mouse adenosine A2A receptor (Accession Q60613). 2nd extracellular loop.
- Western blot analysis of mouse brain membranes (lanes 1 and 4), rat brain lysate (lanes 2 and 5) and rat spleen membranes (lanes 3 and 6):1-3. Anti-Adenosine A2A Receptor (extracellular) Antibody (#AAR-008), (1:200).
4-6. Anti-Adenosine A2A Receptor (extracellular) Antibody, preincubated with Adenosine A2A Receptor (extracellular) Blocking Peptide (#BLP-AR008).
- Expression of Adenosine A2A Receptor in rat piriform cortexImmunohistochemical staining of perfusion-fixed frozen rat brain sections with Anti-Adenosine A2A Receptor (extracellular) Antibody (#AAR-008), followed by donkey-anti-rabbit-biotin and streptavidin-Cy3. Adenosine A2A Receptor immunoreactivity (red), appears in neurons (vertical arrows) and in glial cells in layers 1-2 (horizontal arrows). Cell nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue).
- Cell surface detection of Adenosine A2A Receptor in live intact mouse J774 macrophage cells:___ Cells.
___ Cells + goat-anti-rabbit-FITC.
___ Cells + Anti-Adenosine A2A Receptor (extracellular) Antibody (#AAR-008), (2.5 µg) + goat-anti-rabbit-FITC.
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- Fredholm, B.B. et al. (2000) Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 362, 364.
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- Ohta, A. et al. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103, 13132.
Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside generated locally in tissues under conditions of hypoxia, ischemia, or inflammation. It modulates a variety of physiological functions in many tissues including the brain and heart1,2. Adenosine exerts its actions via four specific adenosine receptors (also named P1 purinergic receptors): Adenosine A1 Receptor (A1AR), Adenosine A2A Receptor (A2AAR), Adenosine A2B Receptor (A2BAR), and Adenosine A3 Receptor (A3AR). All are integral membrane proteins and are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. They share a common structure of seven putative transmembrane domains, an extracellular -NH2 terminus, cytoplasmic -COOH terminus, and a third intracellular loop important for binding G proteins. The adenosine receptors can be distinguished on the basis of their differential selectivity for adenosine analogs1-3.
Adenosine receptors control neurotransmitter release through the facilitatory A2AAR and the inhibitory A1AR.4 A2AAR and A1AR are the major adenosine receptor subtypes expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). A2AAR is mainly expressed in the striatum on GABAergic striatopallidal neurons, while A1AR is widely distributed throughout the CNS5,6.
A2AAR was suggested to play a critical role in attenuation of systemic inflammatory responses and prevention of extensive tissue damage.7 It was suggested that extracellular adenosine that accumulates in inflamed and damaged tissue may activate the A2AAR expressed in immune cells leading to termination/inhibition of the immune response.7 It was further suggested that this same mechanism may protect tumors from antitumor T cells through an immunosuppressive signal generated by the activation of A2AAR on T cells by extracellular adenosine produced from hypoxic cancerous tissues8.
Application key:
Species reactivity key:
Anti-Adenosine A2A Receptor (extracellular) Antibody (#AAR-008) is a highly specific antibody directed against an epitope of the mouse protein. The antibody can be used in western blot, immunohistochemistry, and live cell flow cytometry applications. It has been designed to recognize A2aR from mouse and rat samples. The antibody will not recognize the receptor from human samples.