Overview
- Peptide (C)DNYVHNWDWRFGG, corresponding to amino acid residues 82 - 94 of mouse HCAR2 (Accession Q9EP66). Extracellular, 1st loop.
Note: it is not expected to recognize the highly homologous human protein HCAR3 (Accession P49019). HCAR3 has no mouse or rat orthologs.
Cell surface detection of GPR109A/HCAR2 by direct flow cytometry in live intact mouse BV2 microglia cell line:___ Cells.
___ Cells + Rabbit IgG isotype control-FITC (RIC-001-F).
___ Cells + Anti-GPR109A/HCAR2 (extracellular)-FITC Antibody (#AHR-012-F), (5µg).
Cell surface detection of GPR109A/HCAR2 by direct flow cytometry in live intact mouse myeloid leukemia M1 cell line:___ Cells.
___ Cells + Rabbit IgG isotype control-FITC (RIC-001-F).
___ Cells + Anti-GPR109A/HCAR2 (extracellular)-FITC Antibody (#AHR-012-F), (5µg).
- Ahmed K. (2011) Front. Endocrinol, 25, 51.
- Graff E. et al (2016) Metabolism, 65, 102-113.
- Offermanns S. (2017) Trends Endocrinol Metab, 28, 227-236.
- Offermanns S. (2014) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 54, 407–34.
Hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptors (HCA1-3) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors that regulate lipolysis. HCAR2 (GPR109A) was identified as the receptor for nicotinic acid (niacin; vitamin B3) and beta-hyroxybutyrate (β-OHB), a ketone body synthesized by the liver under negative energy balance1.
HCAR2 is mainly expressed on adipocytes and immune cells and in lower levels in retinal pigmented and colonic epithelial cells, microglia and normal mammary tissue. High levels of HCAR2 can be found in immune cells such as macrophages in response to the presence of interferon-γ, TNF-α and hypoxia2.
HCAR2 activity in adipocytes promotes inhibition of adenylate cyclase and decrease cAMP levels. HCAR2 activity leads to a rapid decrease in lipolysis and reduction in the release of fatty acids from the adipocytes3.
Activation of HCAR2 has also been associated with anti-inflammatory effects in different disease states such as sepsis, diabetes and obesity. Interaction of HCAR2 with niacin and β-OHB under this conditions lead to variety of signaling events involving inflammatory downstream targets4.
Anti-GPR109A/HCAR2 (extracellular) Antibody (#AHR-012) is a highly specific antibody directed against an extracellular epitope of the mouse protein. The antibody can be used in western blot, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry applications. It has been designed to recognize GPR109A from rat, mouse and human samples.
Anti-GPR109A/HCAR2 (extracellular)-FITC Antibody (#AHR-012-F) is directly conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorophore. This conjugated antibody has been developed to be used in immunofluorescent applications such as direct flow cytometry and live cell imaging.
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