Peptide confirmation Confirmed by amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry.
Homology Rat – 11 out of 13 amino acid residues identical; Human - 9 out of 13 amino acid residues identical. Note: it is not expected to recognize the highly homologous human protein HCAR3 (Accession P49019). HCAR3 has no mouse or rat orthologs.
Storage before reconstitution The antibody ships as a lyophilized powder at room temperature. Upon arrival, it should be stored at -20°C.
Reconstitution 15 µl or 50 µl double distilled water (DDW), depending on the sample size.
Antibody concentration after reconstitution 1 mg/ml.
Storage after reconstitution The reconstituted solution can be stored at 4°C, protected from the light, for up to 1 week. For longer periods, small aliquots should be stored at -20°C. Avoid multiple freezing and thawing. Centrifuge all antibody preparations before use (10000 × g 5 min).
Standard quality control of each lot Western blot analysis (unlabeled antibody, #AHR-012), and direct flow cytometry (labeled antibody).
Applications: fc, lci
Scientific background
Hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptors (HCA1-3) are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors that regulate lipolysis. HCAR2 (GPR109A) was identified as the receptor for nicotinic acid (niacin; vitamin B3) and beta-hyroxybutyrate (β-OHB), a ketone body synthesized by the liver under negative energy balance1.
HCAR2 is mainly expressed on adipocytes and immune cells and in lower levels in retinal pigmented and colonic epithelial cells, microglia and normal mammary tissue. High levels of HCAR2 can be found in immune cells such as macrophages in response to the presence of interferon-γ, TNF-α and hypoxia2.
HCAR2 activity in adipocytes promotes inhibition of adenylate cyclase and decrease cAMP levels. HCAR2 activity leads to a rapid decrease in lipolysis and reduction in the release of fatty acids from the adipocytes3.
Activation of HCAR2 has also been associated with anti-inflammatory effects in different disease states such as sepsis, diabetes and obesity. Interaction of HCAR2 with niacin and β-OHB under this conditions lead to variety of signaling events involving inflammatory downstream targets4.
Application key:
CBE- Cell-based ELISA, FC- Flow cytometry, ICC- Immunocytochemistry, IE- Indirect ELISA, IF- Immunofluorescence, IFC- Indirect flow cytometry, IHC- Immunohistochemistry, IP- Immunoprecipitation, LCI- Live cell imaging, N- Neutralization, WB- Western blot
